SHAPING BEHAVIORS -

To shape a behavior is to divide it into smaller behaviors that are achievable and reinforce able.  For example, to shape the final behavior, 'roll over', divide the behavior into at least the following sub-behaviors, each of which can be achieved & reinforced:

• 'down' (preferably in Sphinx-like position);
  
• 'roll onto either left or right hip’ (if your dog knows this command);
  
• 'on dog’s side' (depending upon which hip dog has rolled onto);
  
• 'on dog’s back';
  
• 'on dog’s other side'; and
  
• 'stand'.
  
  We positively reinforce each of these component behaviors as we teach it.  We incrementally add each successfully completed behavior to the other accomplished component behaviors.  The behavior is fully shaped, when the dog consistently performs the desired behavior, as one behavior with one cue.   Shaping is also referred to as successive approximation, because we reinforce successive approximations of the behavior toward the final goal (behavior).
  
  FREE SHAPING BEHAVIORS -
  
  Free shaping is also referred to as pure shaping.  To free shape a pre-selected behavior we click/feeding each time the animal offers a behavior that is an approximation toward our desired behavior.  An example of free shaping is to place a box, large enough for your dog to fit into, on the floor.  Then, select a desired end behavior, such as dog climb/jump into box.  Click/feed each time your dog offers any behavior that is a successive approximation of the desired end behavior.  Free shaping causes your dog to figure out which behaviors earn him a click/feed.  This type of activity becomes for the dog something similar to a human figuring out a fun puzzle.  It creates a ‘thinking dog’. 
  
  When your dog finally achieves and performs the desired end behavior consistently, it is as though a light bulb goes on over the dog’s head.  From the expression on your dog’s face, you can see that he truly comprehends what the end desired behavior is.  Often the dog will exhibit happy excitement with this understanding.  It is a wonderful thing to experience.